Friday, April 11, 2025

Front for Mathphys Archive

 "I write not because I know something but to learn something."

"The most important book to me is my own notebook because it is written in the way I understood."

This pinned post contains the list of my lecture notes on mathematics, physics, and related areas (theoretical computer science, mathematical biology, and mathematical finance). They are categorized by subjects in each area for readers' convenience. This post is subject to updates as I continue to add new lecture notes.

Mathematics

Abstract Algebra I: Groups

Lecture Notes

Problem Sets

References and Further Reading

John B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th Edition, Pearson, 2002
I. N. Herstein, Abstract Algebra, 3rd Edition, Wiley, 1996
I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1975
Ramji Lal, Algebra 1, Groups, Rings, Fields and Arithmetic, Springer, 2017

Abstract Algebra II: Rings, Fields, Galois Theory, Modules, Representation Theory

Lecture Notes 

Problem Sets

References and Further Reading

John B. Fraleigh, A First Course in Abstract Algebra, 7th Edition, Pearson, 2002
I. N. Herstein, Abstract Algebra, 3rd Edition, Wiley, 1996
I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1975
Ramji Lal, Algebra 1, Groups, Rings, Fields and Arithmetic, Springer, 2017
Ramji Lal, Algebra 2, Linear Algebra, Galois Theory, Representation Theory, Group Extensions and Schur Multiplier, Springer, 2017

Algebraic Topology: Homotopy, Homology, Cohomology

Lecture Notes

Homotopy

Homology

Cohomology

Problem Sets

Homotopy

Homology

Cohomology

References and Further Reading

Jean Gallier and Jocelyn Quaintance, A Gentle Introduction to Homology, Cohomology, and Sheaf Cohomology
Mikio Nakahara, Geometry, Topology and Physics, 2nd Edition, Graduate Student Series in Physics, Taylor & Francis, 2003
Charles Nash and Siddhartha Sen, Topology and Geometry for Physicists, Academic Press, Inc., 1983

Calculus

Differential Calculus

Lecture Notes

Calculus 4: How to Calculate Limits I
Calculus 5: How to Calculate Limits II  
Calculus 6: How to Calculate Limits III
Calculus 7: Continuity
Calculus 8: Limits Involving Infinity and Asymptotes 
Calculus 9: Finding the Equation of Tangent Line to a Curve $y=f(x)$
Calculus 10: Derivatives
Calculus 11: Velocity and Acceleration
Calculus 12: Basic Differentiation Formulas  
Calculus 13: Continuity versus Differentiability
Calculus 14: The Product and Quotient Rules
Calculus 15: Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
Calculus 16: The Chain Rule  
Calculus 17: The Proof of the Chain Rule
Calculus 18: Implicit Differentiation
Calculus 19: Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions  
Calculus 20: Related Rates
Calculus 21: Linear Approximations and Differentials
Calculus 22: Maximum and Minimum  
Calculus 23: Mean Value Theorem
Calculus 24: The First and Second Derivative Tests
Calculus 25: Optimization Problems  
Calculus 26: Optimization Problems II: Business and Economic Optimization Problems
Calculus 27: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Calculus 28: L'Hôpital's Rule  
Calculus 29: Newton's Method

Problem Sets

Integral Calculus

Lecture Notes

Problem Sets

Sequences, Series, and Vector-Valued Functions

Lecture Notes

Problem Sets

Functional Analysis

Functional Analysis

Lecture Notes 

Problem Sets

References and Further Reading

Erwin Kreyszig, Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications, 1st Edition, Wiley, 1989
H. L. Royden, Real Analysis, Second Edition, The Macmillan Company
Peter Szekeres, A Course in Modern Mathematical Physics, Groups, Hilbert Space and Differential Geometry, Cambridge University Press, 2004

Functions of a Complex Variable 

Lecture Notes

Problem Sets

References and Further Reading

Lars Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1979
James Brown and Ruel Churchill, Complex Variables and Applications, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2008
John B. Conway, Functions of One Complex Variable I, 2nd Edition, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer, 1978

Linear Algebra

Lecture Notes

Problem Sets

References and Further Reading

Sheldon Axler, Linear Algebra Done Right, Third Edition, Springer, 2015
Ramji Lal, Algebra 2, Linear Algebra, Galois Theory, Representation Theory, Group Extensions and Schur Multiplier, Springer, 2017
Serge Lang, Introduction to Linear Algebra, Second Edition, Springer, 1986
Serge Lang, Linear Algebra, Third Edition, Springer, 2004

Number Theory and Cryptography

Computer Software for Computation

Study of number theory is often accompanied by heavy computations for which computers can be effectively used. From time to time, I will be using Maxima, an open source computer algebra system (abbreviated as CAS, a software package for symbolic computation) and Python. Sage (CoCalc) is also a good and powerful open source CAS but I will not be using it here. Main reason is that I find it restrictive as it requires a web-based interface (a browser) and an internet connection. Unless you run your own CoCalc server (if you are going to use it just for yourself, why would you run such a server?), you need to have an access to a CoCalc server that is run by someone else. I personally prefer a crude and low tech computing environment that does not require a particular interface and a lot of resources. Maxima and Python fit into such preference of mine. Maxima and Python do have interfaces but they also can be run interface-free in a command shell.

MAXIMA

What is Maxima?: MIT has developed a computer algebra system, called Macsyma, from 1968 to 1982 as part of Project MAC. They turned over a copy of the Macsyma source code to the Department of Energy (DOE). That version is known as DOE Macsyma. It had been maintained by William Schelter at the University of Texas from 1982 until his death in 2001. In 1998, Schelter obtained permission from the DOE to release the DOE Macsyma source code under the GNU Public License, and in 2000 he initiated the Maxima project at SourceForge to maintain and continue developing DOE Macsyma, now called Maxima.

 
Download and Install Maxima: 1. For those who are using Windows, an instruction can be found here and also here.
2. For those who are using MacOS, Maxima can be download from here and an installation instruction can be found here.
3. If you are using Ubuntu Linux OS, simply run the following command in command shell:
sudo apt install maxima && sudo apt install wxmaxima
You also need to install Gnuplot by runnig the command:

sudo apt install gnuplot

4. If you are using FreeBSD Unix, as root run:

# pkg install maxima && pkg install wxmaxima

and also install Gnuplot by running

# pkg install gnuplot

5. For all other operating systems, refer to the instruction at Maxima Downloads page here.

Maxima documentation page is an important source on how to use Maxima for your computational needs and purposes. Another important source on using Maxima, especially for doing mathematics is The MaximaList. The html version of Maxima 5.29.0 manual on Number Theory is available online here

 PYTHON

You can find download/installtion instruction for your OS at Python.org. Make sure that you install Python 3.

1. For Windows system, select and download Python Windows installer, for example python-3.3.0.msi and run it.
2. For MacOS, select and download .dmg Mac Installer Disk Image and run it.
3. For Ubuntu Linux OS, run in command shell, for example

sudo apt install python3.3 && sudo apt install idle3

IDLE is a covenient interface for Python. I love iPython (Interactive Python Shell). It allows you to run .py files in command shell. To install ipython run

sudo apt install ipython3

4. For FreeBSD Unix, as root run:

# pkg install python

This command will install Python 3 and IDLE 3 as well. To install ipython, as root run:

# pkg install py37-ipython

Lecture Notes

Problem Sets 

References and Further Reading

Elementary Number Theory

Neal Koblitz, A Course in Number Theory and Cryptogtraphy, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 114, Springer-Verlag, 1994

Cryptography

Sara Arias-de-Reyna and Gabor Wiese, Algebraic Curves and Applications to Cryptography
Steven Galbraith, Mathematics of Public Key Cryptography
Neal Koblitz, A Course in Number Theory and Cryptogtraphy, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 114, Springer-Verlag, 1994
Gabor Wiese, Théorie des nombres et applications à la cryptographie

Elliptic Curves

Neal Koblitz, A Course in Number Theory and Cryptogtraphy, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 114, Springer-Verlag, 1994

Probability

Lecture Notes

Problem Sets

References and Further Reading

Sheldon Ross, A First Course in Probability, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, 1997 

Stochastic Differential Equations

Lecture Notes

References and Further Reading

Lawrence C. Evans, An Introduction to Stochastic Differential Equations, Version 1.2
Don S. Lemons, An Introduction to Stochastic Processes in Physics, Containing "On the Theory of Brownian Motion" by Paul Langevin, translated by Anthony Gythiel, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002
Bernt Øksendal, Stochastic Differential Equations, An Introduction with Applications, Fifth Edition, Corrected Printing, Springer-Verlag, 2000
Philip E. Protter, Stochastic Integration and Differential Equations, Second Edition, Springer, 2004
Sheldon Ross, A First Course in Probability, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, 1997

Physics

Fields

Lecture Notes

References and Further Reaing

Bjørn Felsager, Geometry, Particles and Fields, 2. edition, Odense university Press, 1983

Quantum Mechanics

Lecture Notes

References and Fuerther Reading

Peter Woit, Quantum Theory, Groups and Representations:
An Introduction

Wormhole Physics

Lecture Notes

References and Further Reading

Charles W. Misner, Kip S. Thorne and John Archibald Wheeler, Gravitation, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1973

A pretty big book with more than 1300 pages. This book is dubbed the bible of general relativity.

Michael S. Morris and Kip S. Thorne, Wormholes in spacetime and their use for interstellar travel: A tool for teaching geneal relativity, Am. J. Phys. 56 (5), 395-412, May 1988
Michael S. Morris, Kip S. Thorne, and Ulvi Yurtsever, Wormholes, Time Machines, and the Weak Energy Condition, Physical Review Letters, Volume 61, Number 13, pp. 1446-1449, 26 September 1988
Hans Stephani, Relativity, An Introduction to Special and General Relativity, Third Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2004
Matt Visser, Lorentzian Wormholes, From Einstein to Hawking, AIP Series in Computational and Applied Mathematical Physics, 2008

Computer Science

Information Theory

Lecture Notes

Problem Sets

References and Further Reading

Thomas M. Cover and Joy A. Thomas, Elements of Information Theory, John Wiley & Sons, INC., 1991

Quantum Computation and Quantum Information

Lecture Notes

Problem Sets

References and Further Reading

Michael A. Nielsen & Isaac L. Chuang, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Cambridge University Press, 2000

Finance 

Stochastic Calculus and Finance

Lecture Notes

References and Further Reading

Stephen Shreve, Sochastic Calculus and Finance, October 6, 1997 
Steven E. Shreve, Stochastic Calculus for Finance I
The Binomial Asset Pricing Model, Springer, 2004


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